Abb protection relays catalogue. Electronic overload relays E.

  

Abb protection relays catalogue. 22 Time relay, ON-delay 2c/o, 24-48VDC, 24-240VAC.

  • Abb protection relays catalogue REM601 is a dedicated motor relay designed for the protection and control of medium-voltage and low-voltage asynchronous motors in the manufacturing and process industry. 2) - REJ601 is a dedicated feeder protection relay intended for the protection of utility and industrial power systems in primary and secondary distribution networks. 33P THERMISTOR RELAY. com. A ground in the generator field winding will cause current to flow through the moving coil of the DGF and operate the relay to trip or sound an alarm, as desired. file_download. With more than 50,000 REF611 is a member of ABB’s Relion ® product family and part of its 611 protection and control series of relays. ABB Library - REX615 Protection and Control Relay brightness_1 Category REM620 is a dedicated motor management relay for the protection, control, measurement and supervision of medium- and large-sized asynchronous and synchronous motors in the manufacturing and process industry. Time relays; Measuring and monitoring relays; Primary Representation: { "ObjectType": "SingleSelect", "Name": "Series", "Label": "Series", "Hint": "", "Preselected": "", "Excluded": [], "Custom": [], "Order The 615 protection and control series of relays is a member of ABB’s Relion® product family. brightness_1 Category. 2 Block Contactors 0115 ABB Low Voltage 3 Block Contactors 0115 ABB Low Voltage Motor rated operational powers and currents The currents given below concern standard three-phase four-pole cage motors (1500 r. ABB Relays-Online makes finding, selecting, ordering, and tracking of your next digital substation product order quick and easy. It provides medium and low voltage networks with an optimized composition of protection functions within one relay. Motor Freely configurable all-in-one protection devices represent a flexible and cost-effective choice. Download Image. REX 521 protection relay The protection relay REX 521 is designed for protection, control, measuring and supervision in medium voltage networks. Motor Protection Relay Technical Reference Manual 1MRS752263-MUM REM610REM610. Typical applications include incoming and outgoing feeders as well as substation protection. REG615 is a dedicated generator and interconnection protection relay for protection, control, measurement and supervision of power generators and interconnection points of distributed generation units in utility and industrial power distribution systems. 9 1. 7 Thermal overload relays Ordering details T, TA. The company has over 140 years ABB OY DISTRIBUTION SOLUTIONS Protection and control REX640 Product presentation 1MRS758995 E — Introduction Customer values Application coverage Application packages Software and hardware modularity Human-machine interface (HMI) Product features Secure device management Ordering and modification Summary Protection and control REX640 As a member of ABB’s Relion ® protection and control family of relays, REX640 further reinforces Relion’s position as the range of relays to rely on. General. All Categories Thermistor Motor Protection Relays. The CT-ERD. The output also has one red hand reset flag. ID: 2CDC110004C0210_02, PART: _pdf, REV: L. Electronic relays and controls catalog 2020; Electronic relays and controls catalog 2022. To ensure interoperable and future-proof Thermal overload relays Motor protection for overload and phase failure. They are members of ABB’s Relion® product family and part of its 605 series. Main navigation. Module slots Module Slot A1 Slot A2 Slot B Slot C Slot D Slot E Slot F Slot G ARC1001 o COM1001 COM1002 COM1003 COM1004 COM1005 BIO1001 o o BIO1002 o o You can benefit from ABB’s leading-edge technology, global application knowledge and experienced support network. Description: CT-ERD. We're sorry. Re-engineered from the ground up, the relay has been guided by Relay is also used for overvoltage / undervoltage protection of Generators, Motors and Transformers. 0 FP1 ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. 8. Your e-mail ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. Multiapplication Protection and Control. 22 is a single-function electronic time relay from the CT-D timer range. 6 FieldBusPlug devices Motor protection. The relay is primarily used in ring main units and secondary distribution switchgear within distribution REX610 is a member of the renowned Relion® protection and control family of relays, building on ABB’s strong heritage of freely configurable multifunctional relays and many proven protection algorithms. 03/16/2020. These relays, provide an optimized composition of protection, monitoring and control ABB is a global technology leader in electrification and automation, enabling a more sustainable and resource-efficient future. An output contact matrix allows start or trip signals from the protection stages to be routed to the desired output contact. Catalog landing page that will be active during highlighting of EPR catalog release. ID: 1SBC100214C0202, REV: D. Instructions Smart temperature monitoring relays catalog. Premium efficiency REU610 is a voltage protection relay for system voltage protection, measuring and supervising in utility and industrial power systems. . CV2 Product Range. ABB Electrification is a global technology leader making efficient and reliable use of electricity from source to socket possible. Electromechanical and static relays have fixed wiring and the setting is manual. e ABB has the industry's most comprehensive range of time relays measuring and monitoring relays, interface relays, and power supplies – helping you to source all critical components from a single global supplier. Electromechanical relays . Electromechanical relays. The thermal overload relay can make up a compact starting solution together with contactors. IIT idicating instantaneous trip IIT idicating instantaneous trip. REX640 Protection and Control Relay. 1. Protection for medium voltage substation incoming and outgoing feeders; Key benefits ABB Relays-Online makes finding, selecting, ordering, and tracking of your next digital substation product order quick and easy. Section 10: Measuring and monitoring - Revised 04/2022 . REF620 is a member of ABB's Relion ® family and part of its 620 protection and control product series. 4 Motor protection. The electronic overload relay can make up a compact starting solution together with contactors. ABB’s shares are listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (ABBN) and Nasdaq Stockholm (ABB). : 1SVR500100R0100. REM630 is a comprehensive motor management relay for the protection, control, measurement and supervision of medium and large sized asynchronous and synchronous motors in the manufacturing industry. Overcurrent protection relay iused as a secondary relay which is connected to the current transformers of the object to be 1SBC100214C0202 - Main catalog Motor protection and control Manual motor starters, contactors and overload relays (PDF) - Edition 2024 ( en - pdf - Catalogue ) RoHS II declaration for block contactors, installation contactors, mini contactors, mini contactor relays, thermal overload relays, electronic overload relays and related accessories ( en - pdf - Declaration of conformity ) The relay operating coil is connected from the mid-point of the voltage divider to ground. The 615 series relays are characterized by their compactness and withdrawable plug-in unit design. With REC615 grid reliability is enhanced, ranging from basic, non-directional overload protection to extended protection functionality with power quality analyses. It provides an ON-delay (delay on make) function with 7 SSC600 builds on ABB’s solid and proven technological foundation manifested in the renowned Relion® protection relay family. ABB’s multiapplication protection and control offering covers the full range of basic power distribution applications, provides complete coverage for advanced power generation and distribution applications, as well as introduces a centralized approach to protection and control Firmware update release 1. 32,72 MB. ID: SELECTION GUIDE, PART: 3, REV:-English. ABB Products. 2024-02-08. These relays have been developed during many years and are built on the experience gathered from wide ranging application and functionality requirements from ABB’s customers globally. Drawings and RoHS II declaration for block contactors, installation contactors, mini contactors, mini contactor relays, thermal overload relays, electronic overload relays and related accessories ( en - pdf - Declaration of conformity ) Novolink print brochure ( en - pdf - Brochure ) Novolink Smart Gateway SGWX20-OUA manual ( en - pdf - Manual ) In addition, this protection relay can be utilized in restricted earth-fault and residual earth-fault applications for the protection of generators, motors, transformers and reactors. The modular e-business platform is the one place where you Our relays are designed, manufactured and tested in compliance with the relevant VDE regulations and EN standards. Scope All-in-one protection and control Benefits. Agreements. 14. ID: Catalog 2024 Electronic Relays and Controls - Chapter Interface relays and optocouplers. engineering of the protection relay. Message Sent. expand_more. Catalogue. Multiapplication coverage with one device for optimal flexibility and cost-effectiveness ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. The relay provides an optimized composition of protection, monitoring and control functionality in one unit, with the best performance and usability in its class. Control Catalog Control Catalog. Complete application coverage with one freely configurable device for flexible and cost-effective tailoring to application-specific requirements ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. at 50 Hz 1800 r. ABB STOTZ-KONTAKT GmbH 3 2CDC 1060 14 C0201 Contents Thermal overload relays T Electronic overload relays E Thermal/electronic overload relays Overview. From system integrator, OEM, engineering consultant and distributor to panel builder and industrial end-user, our comprehensive range of motor starting solutions, products and services delivers the certainty of consistent quality and performance. Main benefits. Catalog No. Why ABB? Selection table, ABB protection relays for IEC market ( en - pdf - List ) Relion relays, webinar, 2020_05, FR ( en - mp4 - Movie ) Conformal coating for an additional layer of protection, webinar, 2020_05, EN ( en - mp4 - Movie ) Firmware update release 2. nerator and ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. . Rele di comando e controllo ERC tabelle di selezione. Three Phase Monitors. List. Description REF615 is a dedicated feeder protection relay designed for the protection, measurement and supervision of utility substations and industrial power systems. In dication is provided by targets which drop whenever the switch units whithin the relay operate. 1 1MRS756379 C Issued: December 007 Revision: C / 0 June 008 1. UPC: Note: ABB will only use the e-mail addresses you provide to forward this page. 01/27/2020 . 23S 1Svr730 Series Information 24-240Vac/Dc Screw Terminals Over Or Under Voltage MonitoringCm-Ess. 3 protection relays REF601 is a dedicated feeder protection and control relay intended for the protection and control of utility and industrial power systems in primary and secondary distribution networks. A mandatory slot always contains a module but an optional slot may be empty, depending on the composition variant ordered. The indicator can be reset simply by pressing the knob back in. The directional unit has a factory preset maximum sensitivity characteristics of 30°. 25 ms The type TR-1 relay is an auxiliary relay energized by protective relays to trip two circuit breakers. Relion® 615 series Protection and control relays — The wide coverage of ABB’s Relion® 615 series of relays makes it the ideal choice for the great variety of applic. Format: PDF : Date: 09/18/2024: ID: 2CDC110004C0210_02 : Catalog 2024 Electronic Relays Selection table, ABB protection relays for IEC market ( en - pdf - List ) Relion relays, webinar, 2020_05, FR ( en - mp4 - Movie ) 615 series 5. The relay provides an optimized composition of protection, monitoring and control functionality in one unit, with the best performance usability in its class. REG615 is a member of ABB’s Relion ® product family and part of its 615 protection and control series of relays. 1S Voltage Monitoring Relay 1C/O, B-C=3-600Vrms, Arc protection relay REA 10_ Features • Three-phase overcurrent function • Loop-type or radial sensor fibre for arc detection • Two high-speed semiconductor outputs for tripping • Relay output for tripping • Two RJ45 ports for the connection of exten- sion units • Two opto-connectors for fast ON/OFF sig-nal transfer between central units • Circuit-breaker failure protection, i. UPC: 4016779657679. The modular e-business platform is the one place where you will find most of the needed functionality to take The REJ601 is an overcurrent protection relay without breaker control. Critical Power; Digital Solutions; Installation Products; Machine & Motor Control; Protection, Circuit-Shield Voltage Relays provide a wide range of protective functions, including undervoltage protection of motors, overvoltage protection, and automatic bus transfer. Suggestions. The modular e-business platform is the one place where you will find most of the needed functionality to take your daily power distribution protection and control business to the next level. The preconfigurations include default functionality typically needed for a specific application. Pre-configured functions for feeder protection application ; The relays are delivered pre-configured and factory-tested to shorten engineering and commissioning time ABB 3. REM630 is a member of ABB's Relion ® family and part of its 630 protection and control product series. Search {0} in Catalogues Search {0} in Projects The company has over 140 years of history and more than 105,000 employees worldwide. Electromechanical and solid state relays. Product benefits: Reliable in Block contactors and overload relays Short form catalogue. Products. Back; Français; Español; Italiano; Deutsch; 中文 ; 日本語; português; Русский; Your most recent searches Delete. The relay provides an optimized composition of protection and monitoring functionality in one unit, with the best performance and usability in its class. In combination with contactors, they provide reliable protection against overloads and phase failures for motors. English. The whole assortment ready to be discovered! The catalog includes applications, selection tables, ordering details and technical information. Main customer benefits • Compact and versatile solution for utility and industrial power distribution systems with integration of protection, control, monitoring and supervision in Catalog No. ABB will not distribute or use the email addresses to contact your colleagues again. m. REB611 is available in one standard configuration. They allow to set up customized motor starting solutions according to individual needs. Compact and versatile feeder protection relay solution with integration of protection, control, monitoring and supervision in one relay. 17 for 615 series IEC product version 5. brightness_1 Document kind. These values are given for guidance and may vary according to the ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. The platform is globally accessible and allows you to explore, build On ABB Relays-Online you can access all the digital tools and services for ABB's Digital Substation Products, such as protection relays, communication devices, and software. 0,02 MB. Catalogue . For more Discover what's new in the 2024 main catalog for contactors, overload relays and manual motor starters! This comprehensive document has been designed to elevate your experience and streamline your search for high-quality contactors, overload relays, and manual motor starters. Section 9: Softstarters - Revised 8/2021. VHXm product range VHXm22A Undervoltage relay without time delay Overview Abb Protection Relays, 1Svr730 Series Item# 1Svr730885R4300 - Monitoring Relay, 3Ph, Cm-Mps. 3. No matter what the environment, ABB’s high quality products are built and tested to give you uninterrupted monitoring. Description: CM-MSS. 240,46 MB. REM620 is a member of ABB's Relion ® family and part of its 620 protection and control product series. Scope Protection relay applications, Medium/high voltage AC induction motor protection part 2, webinar, 2020_06, EN ABB is a global technology leader in electrification and automation, enabling a more sustainable and resource-efficient future. 46 MB. ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. Selection Guide for SPACOM, Multipurpose and Special Application Protection Relays. 07/22/2019. Guidelines and processes. The protection relay is provided ABB's Relion protection relays are deeply rooted in ABB’s vast experience of developing successful protection and control relays. 3. Medium Voltage Products and Systems. 5 for REC615 / RER615 control and protection relays, Release Note ( en - pdf - Release note ) RER615 Connectivity Package Controls & Protective Relays; Time Relays; View Larger. Document kind. The relay has a built-in electromechanical output relay providing medium duty contacts. The globally accessible platform allows you to explore and learn about our product portfolio, select and purchase the most suitable product for your needs and track your The overcurrent protection function uses conventional current transformer measurement. This composite relay facilitates combined three phase over current and neutral current relay functions REJ603 is a current-transformer-powered numerical feeder protection relay designed for applications where auxiliary power is not available or cannot be guaranteed, thereby making it an ideal choice for installation at remote locations. By connecting its engineering and digitalization expertise, ABB helps industries run at high performance, while member of ABB’s Relion® product family and part of its 615 protection and control product series. Motor starting and protection for premium-efficiency motors. REU610 is a member of ABB’s Relion® protection and control product family and part of its 610 product series. : 1SVR740712R2200. By adapting the preconfiguration the protection relay can be configured to suit the particular application. 8 Buttons and ABB relays are designed to detect overloads, temperature, liquid and other potentially damaging fluctuations. M mini contactor relays are a high performance but space saving solution used for control functions or for switching small loads up to 6 A. Digital Substation Products. The relay is provided with a band-pass filter which suppresses The indicating relay type CV2 is an instantaneous hinged-armature relay with two contacts. Format: PDF : Date: 09/18/2024: ID: 2CDC110004C0210_05 : Catalog 2024 Electronic Relays and Controls - Chapter Measuring and Monitoring Relays. ×. The 615 protection and control series of relays is a member of ABB’s Relion® product family. All Categories. Exhibit with us {{>currencyLabel}} Back {{>currenciesTemplate}} English. The Universal Motor Controller provides detailed operational, diagnostic and service data in real time, giving your plant an effective data source for predictive maintenance. 1SBC100214C0202 - Main catalog Motor protection and control Manual motor starters, contactors and overload relays (PDF) - Edition 2024 ( en - pdf - Catalogue ) RoHS II declaration for block contactors, installation contactors, mini contactors, mini contactor relays, thermal overload relays, electronic overload relays and related accessories ( en - pdf - Declaration of conformity ) The circulating current relay IRXm is mainly used for high-speed restricted earth fault protection of generators and transformer windings. REF615 is a member of ABB's Relion ® family and part of its 615 protection 49/38 PTTR Thermal protection by RTDs or thermistors O OOO OO O O O OOOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOO O OOOOO X 49/66/48/51LR/50TDLR Is2t n< PMSU, STTPMSU Motor start-up supervision, Is2t n< XX XXXX XX XX 49F 3, 3Ith>F T1PTTR Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, cables and distribution transformers XX X XXX Protection Relay Operator™s Manual 3. 2001-06-25. The relay can be adjusted for any desired maximum sensitivity angle between 0 and 90°. Electronic Relays and Controls selection tables. Scope. Thermal overload relays are economic electromechanical protection devices for the main circuit. 0. 7 modernization. Inherently high seismic and transient immunity allow the use of these relays in generating stations or substations where the performance of electro-mechanical or other types of static relays is marginal. Representative Image. 2024-09-18. At ABB, we call this ‘Engineered to Outrun’. Main catalog Motor protection and control Manual motor starters, contactors and overload relays (PDF) - Edition 2024. 12/06/2022. The IEC 61850-compliant Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600 tool provides versatile functionalities for the entire life-cycle of all Relion protection and control IED applications, at all voltage levels. Sufficient contacts are provided to seal in both trip circuits until the breaker auxiliary switches operate. Catalog 2024 Electronic Relays and Controls - Chapter Measuring and Monitoring Relays. Other sections. member of ABB’s Relion protection relay(s) of the incoming feeder(s) as a binary signal using either hardwired signalling or horizontal GOOSE messaging. They guarantee a high repeat accuracy of operating Discover the protection relay product range of ABB. p. By simultaneous utilization of the overcurrent condition of the incoming feeder protection relay and the received arc detection signal, the circuit breakers of the incoming feeders can selectively be tripped thus isolating the ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. Your message has been sent successfully. PDF. With more than 50,000 The NI 40 / 41 Feeder Protection Relay is ABB's new and advanced solution for cost-efficient feeder protection relay. SSC600 functionality is also available as a virtualized product, SSC600 SW , which enables customers to use the hardware of their choice and gain access to the same proven protection and control functionality as with the turnkey solution. Contact the manufacturer directly. UL Certificate of Compliance (UL 508 and CSA C22. abb. This is a Selection Guide for SPACOM, Selection table, ABB Relion protection relays, medium voltage ( en - pdf - List ) Protection and control in digital switchgear, webinar, 2020_06, EN ( en - mp4 - Movie ) Protection relay applications, Medium/high voltage AC induction motor ABB's motor protection and control offering is among the widest on the market. Captcha: Cancel. Main customer benefits • Compact and versatile solution for utility and industrial power distribution systems with integration of protection, control, monitoring and supervision in REF615 is a dedicated feeder protection and control relay for protection, control, measurement and supervision of overhead lines and cable feeders in utility and industrial power distribution systems, including radial, looped and meshed distribution networks, with or without distributed power generation. Frequent searches. The protection relay offers integrated protection functions including two-stage overvoltage and undervoltage protection, two-stage residual overvoltage protection, as well as single-stage ABB Relays-Online makes finding, selecting, ordering, and tracking of your next digital substation product order quick and easy. Introduction 3. www. IIT indicating instantaneous trip. You can either choose to download the whole catalog including all chapters in a low quality ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. They offer reliable protection for motors in the event of overload or phase failure. By connecting its engineering and digitalization expertise, ABB helps industries run at high performance, while becoming more efficient, productive and sustainable so they outperform. PUBLIC. 32. Sections: Section 1: NEMA full voltage power devices - Revised Electronic relays and controls - Revised 09/2023. B1 for 630 series product version 1. Operating speed of the IIT unit at two times pickup is. Electronic relays and controls catalog. The SA-1 relay is a solid state, three-phase, high-speed type used for differential protection of ac generators, motors, and shunt reactors. A big difference between conventional electromechanical and static relays is how the relays are wired. Close. Covers for the purpose of shock protection must be applied ! by c monitoring relays of Series C 55x from ABB are simply versatile in use. Time Relays. The 610 series includes protection relays for feeder protection, motor protection and general ABB Feeder Protection REF615 Product version: 1. Main benefits • Reduced wiring time, space Motor protection for overload and phase failure. Table 1. Choose from a large range of products that provide reliable protection, cost savings and maximum availability for processes and equipment. For the selective detection of faults, current transformers in summation connection are employed with an external stabilizing resistor for high impedance method of measurement. The IIT is used for high speed protection against fault currents. Busbar and ideal These grid automation relays are designed for remote control and monitoring, protection, fault indication, power quality analyzing and automation in medium-voltage secondary distribution systems. PUBLIC . at 60 Hz). Why ABB? Long production life, ease of application and reliable protection Please inquire about the terms of guarantee from your nearest ABB representative. Feeder Terminals/Feeder Protection Relays. Introduction 1. This manual This manual provides thorough information on the relay REM610 and its applications, focusing on giving a technical description of the relay. These may be either two normally open contacts , or one normally open and one normally closed. Relay hardware The relay has mandatory and optional slots. These relays are intended for the protection of utility substations and industrial power systems within primary and secondary distribution networks. When equal current flow into and out of the protected apparatus, differential current doesn't flow into the operating circuit of the relay unless it is "error" current due to unequal current transformer performance. This extensive range offers various relays for detection and monitoring of electrical parameters such as The catalog includes applications, selection tables, ordering details and technical information. 0 FP1 IEC, Technical Manual (RU) ( en - pdf - Manual ) Conformal coating for an additional layer of protection, webinar, 2020_05, EN ( en - mp4 - Movie ) Firmware update release 5. Protection relays. The relay is powered by a DC auxiliary supply. 22 Time relay, ON-delay 2c/o, 24-48VDC, 24-240VAC. Reliable ABB motor controllers combine intelligent motor protection and control functions, fieldbus and Ethernet communication, and fault diagnosis in a single device. 1SXP100175C0201 - Main catalog Motor protection and control Manual motor starters, contactors and overload relays (PDF) - Edition 2023 Canada (English - pdf - Catalogue) 1SBC100214C0202 - Main catalog Motor protection and control Manual motor starters, contactors and overload relays (PDF) - Edition 2022 (English - pdf - Catalogue) The SRW is a single phase, solid state, directionally controlled reverse power relay, used primarily to protect ac generators against motoring. They guarantee a high repeat accuracy of operating Block contactors & overload relays Catalogue number: 9AKK106354A1393 Motor protection & control Manual motor starters Catalogue number: 9AKK106354A1394 Motor protection & control Soft starters & pilot devices Catalogue number: 9AKK106354A1395 Electronic products & relays Timers, measuring & monitoring Catalogue number: 9AKK106354A1396 Enclosed control Electronic Overload Relays Technical Catalogue ABB. Motor protection in ABB Library is a web tool for searching for documents related to ABB products and services. Life cycle management . CV2AJ Basic auxiliary relay for AC Voltage with single element The company has over 140 years of history and more than 105,000 employees worldwide. The 615 series protection relays are characterized by their compactness and withdrawable unit design. REB611 is a member of ABB’s Relion ® product family and part of its 611 protection and control series of relays. 1SBC100214C0202 - Edition 2024. 72 MB. Typical "Electrical relays, Time Relays" • IEC 1000 "Electromagnetic Compatibility" • IEC 947-5-1; DIN BDE 0660, Part 200 "Low-Voltage Switchgear Devices" Scope of application Time relays are used for all time-delayed switching operations in control, starting, protective and regulating circuits. Each preconfiguration is adaptable using the Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600. Feeder protection relay; Product benefits. Keyword: M contactor relays M Mini contactor relays Mini contactor relays ABB mini contactor relays Electronic overload relays offer reliable and precise protection for motors in the event of overload or phase failure. expand_more Drawings and schematics. Re-engineered from the ground up, the 615 series has been designed to unleash the full potential of the IEC 61850 standard for communication and interoperability between substation "Electrical relays, Time Relays" • IEC 1000 "Electromagnetic Compatibility" • IEC 947-5-1; DIN BDE 0660, Part 200 "Low-Voltage Switchgear Devices" Scope of application Time relays are used for all time-delayed switching operations in control, starting, protective and regulating circuits. qiaa oyhsqx sog wzrurn zuxojam qpby gxvqk nhrm iqmj rpgl
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